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Efficient performance of a wastewater treatment plant largely depends on optimal process control. Owing to their complexity and nonlinearity, such processes are difficult to control. In this study, relay auto tuning method is analyzed to design of a proportional integral derivative controller for the activated sludge biological process. The process is estimated as a first-order process with time delay. The key control variable in wastewater treatment is the concentration of dissolved oxygen during the aeration process. The influence of higher order harmonics on the system critical values is considered during the design using preload relay and a modified two-step relay. The system performance was evaluated for both servo and regulatory mechanisms. In addition, the designed controller was tested in the presence of noise for the robustness analysis.
The process gain is the change in the output y induced by a unit change in the input u. The process gain is calculated by evaluating the change in y(t) divided by the change in u(t) at steady state initial and final conditions.
Abstract:Food safety is imperative, especially for infants and young children because of their underdeveloped immune systems. This requires adequate nutritious food with appropriate amounts of macro- and micronutrients. Currently, a well-established system for infant food is enforced by the regulatory bodies, but no clear system exists for complementary food, which is consumed by children from the age of 6 month to 24 months. As the child grows beyond 6 months, the need for nutrients increases, and if the nutritional needs are not fulfilled, it can lead to health problems, such as stunted growth, weak immune system, and cardiovascular diseases. Hence, it is important to have regulatory bodies monitoring complementary food in a similar capacity as is required for infant formula. The objective of this review is to provide an overview of the existing regulatory bodies, such as the Codex Alimentarius, International Standard Organization (ISO), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), etc., and their regulations specifically for infant formula that can be adopted for complementary foods. This study focuses on the development of a hazard analysis and risk-based preventive controls (HARPC)-based food safety plan to ensure safe food processing and prevent any possible outbreaks.Keywords: complementary food; infants; FSMA; HACCP; regulations
Wang, L., Manzoni, S., Ravi, S., Riveros-Iregui, D.A., Caylor, K., (2015) Dynamic interactions of ecohydrological and biogeochemical processes in water-limited systems. Ecosphere 6:art133. Invited Review and ESA Centennial Paper. doi:10.1890/ES15-00122.1 Link to paper
Meredith Emery was awarded the Beinecke Scholarship, which will provide support for her graduate education over the next two years. Meredith is one of 18 winners across the United States, selected through a highly competitive process on the basis of intellectual ability, unusual creativity, and evidence of leadership. Congratulations, Meredith!
Both very low and elevated levels of IgE may be seen in clinical practice. Major advancements have been made in our understanding of the molecular basis of IgE class switching including roles for T cells, cytokines and T regulatory (or Treg) cells in this process. Dysregulation of this process may result in either elevated IgE levels or IgE deficiency.
A two-step process of DNA excision and ligation are required for assembly of a functional IgE. In the primary response, characterized by expression of membrane IgM and IgD, VDJ (heavy chain) and VJ (light chain) recombination occurs in fetal tissue (liver and bone marrow). This is both an antigen and a T cell-independent process. In the secondary immune response, which results in formation of the isotypes IgG, IgA and IgE, class switch recombination (CSR) occurs in secondary lymphoid tissues (lymphoid tissue, spleen and tonsils). This is T cell/cytokine dependent and an antigen dependent process. This results in high affinity antibodies, further modified by the process of somatic hypermutation (SHM). SHM results from missense mutations in the V regions of the immunoglobulin molecule.
In a study involving 700 asymptomatic subjects from Tanzania, Bereczky and associates found that high IgE (but not IgG) anti-P. falciparum antibody was associated with a reduced risk for subsequent development of clinically evident malaria [16]. Duarte et al also found that P. falciparum-specific IgE responses contributed to the control of malaria, particularly in asymptomatic individuals [17]. There are also reports that IgE antibody can provide immunity against B. burgdorferi infection in children that lasts throughout adulthood [18], and contribute to the expulsion of intestinal parasites such as N. americanus [19]. The authors have found that IgE deficiency predisposes to sinopulmonary infection with common respiratory pathogens, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis in patients of their allergy-immunology clinic [22].
In our experience, the majority of IgE deficient patients seek medical advice because of persistent sinorespiratory symptoms that are often assumed to be allergic in origin [22]. In our own Allergy Immunology clinic population, 79 IgE deficient patients have been identified. All of these patients tested negative on skin testing or in vitro allergy testing to a wide spectrum of indoor and outdoor allergens. When compared to a sex and aged-matched control group from the same clinic with normal levels of IgE, these subjects were more likely to complain of arthralgias, chronic fatigue, and symptoms suggestive of airway infection. In addition, they had a significantly higher prevalence of autoimmune disease and, as previously noted, non-allergic reactive airway disease. Sixty-two percent of the IgE deficient patients had depressed levels of other immunoglobulins, most commonly IgG4; 38 percent had selective IgE deficiencies. Not unexpectedly, serious infection involving both the upper and lower respiratory tract was more common in patients with low IgE and concomitant deficiencies in other immunoglobulins. Thus, in our experience, patients with IgE deficiency have a higher prevalence of sinopulmonary disease, chronic fatigue, arthralgias, autoimmune disease, and concomitant immunoglobulin deficiencies.
Omenn syndrome is a rare disorder presenting with recurrent infection, diarrhea, alopecia, eczema/erythroderma, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, eosinophilia and elevated IgE levels. Immune assessment shows elevated IgE levels in spite of deficiency in B cells numbers, panhypogammaglobulinemia, oligoclonal, nonfunctional T cell expansion and excessive Th2 skewing. The patients demonstrate one of several defects: mutations in RAG genes, Artemis gene, IL-7 receptor encoding gene and the RMRP gene (RNA component of mitochondrial RNA-processing endoribonuclease).
Major advancements have been made in our understanding of the molecular basis of IgE class switching including roles for T cells, cytokines and T regulatory cells in this process. Dysregulation of this process may result in either elevated IgE levels or IgE deficiency. Evaluation of a patient with elevated IgE must involve a detailed differential diagnosis and consideration of various immunological and non-immunological disorders. The use of appropriate tests will allow the correct diagnosis to be made. This can often assist in the development of tailored treatments.
In particular, the MERIT study [37], a large cluster randomized controlled study, showed that failure to detect a deteriorating patient and call an MET was common, despite documented MET criteria >15 min before the event, and occurred in 30 % of cardiac arrests, 51 % of unplanned ICU admissions and 50 % of unexpected deaths. Alternatively, there may be a failure to record patient vital signs. The respiratory rate is the most poorly recorded vital sign [38] and contributes to a significant proportion of ALF. Documentation of a complete set of vital signs is also often lacking. Only 17 % of surgical inpatients had a complete set of documentation of vital signs and a complete medical and nursing review within the first three post-operative days [39].
Performance measurement of clinical systems is an important aspect of system maintenance, not only to ensure maximal efficiency and efficacy but also to improve patient outcomes [42]. The sustainability of any system whose aims include the prevention of adverse events is in part reliant upon a process of audit and feedback based upon agreed performance indicators [43].
Preferred measurements for evaluating the performance of RRS are still evolving. Commonly used measures are the rates of cardiac arrests and unanticipated admissions to the ICU from general wards [33]. In this context, ALF is a useful performance measure, as it is linked to a modifiable process.
Diurnal variation, on the other hand, refers to the fluctuations that happen during the day and the variations in the day-night cycle that are not regulated by intrinsic or endogenous mechanisms but rather by extraneous factors. Thus, in the setting of the RRS performance, diurnal, rather than circadian, variation is more likely to be influenced by modifiable hospital processes.
Diurnal variation exists in the activity of rapid response systems in the context of physiological circadian rhythms. Diurnal variation in the performance of hospitals, as measured by the quality and adequacy of patient monitoring, is a clear and immediate concern. Also, diurnal variation in the prevalence of afferent limb failure and its consequences has not been fully elucidated. The nexus between extrinsic hospital processes and innate human physiology across all critical and non-acute areas of a hospital in a 24-h period needs to be further investigated as this could potentially influence nocturnal patient management in hospitals. 2b1af7f3a8
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